We recommend against use of synthetic colloids. (Strong recommendation, high-quality evidence)

We recommend against routine use of albumin. (Strong recommendation, high-quality evidence)

We recommend use of strategies that minimise the risk of fluid accumulation and promote maintenance of intra- vascular normovolaemia. (Weak recommendation, mod- erate quality evidence)

We recommend against hypervolaemia in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. (Weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence)

Attempts should be made to minimise cervical spine movement during pre-oxygenation and facemask ventilation (Grade D; weak recommendation).

When a simple manoeuvre is required to maintain an airway, jaw thrust should be used rather than head tilt plus chin lift (Grade D; weak recommendation).

The use of HFNO may be considered for peroxygenation in patients with cervical spine injuries but should be used with caution in patients with suspected or confirmed base of skull fractures (Grade D; weak recommendation).

Supraglottic airway devices should be used according to airway management needs and not as an airway device for the purpose of reducing head and neck movement in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury (Grade C; weak recommendation).

If tracheal intubation through a supraglottic airway device is indicated, there is no specific device that is clearly superior in reducing cervical spine movement or successful tracheal intubation. Clinicians should use supraglottic airway devices that are familiar and available to them (Grade D; strong recommendation).

Second-generation SADs should be considered in preference to first-generation SADs (Grade D; strong recommendation).