Manual in-line stabilisation worsens glottic view, and there is very limited evidence suggesting that it reduces the risk of secondary spinal cord injury. If clinicians choose to use MILS, then clinicians should have a low threshold for its removal in the event of difficult tracheal intubation (Grade D; weak recommendation).

During tracheal intubation attempts, a semi-rigid or rigid cervical collar should be removed, which can be done most easily by only removing the anterior part of the collar; this will also help minimise any movement to the cervical spine (Grade D, weak recommendation).

Given the limited data in this setting, airway management should follow standard algorithms relevant to this particular clinical setting (Grade D; weak recommendation).

Given the limited data in this setting, airway management should follow standard algorithms relevant to this particular clinical setting (Grade D; weak recommendation)

Multidisciplinary planning, preparation and optimisation of human factors should be considered before airway management in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury (Grade D; weak recommendation).

We recommend keeping preoperative fasting time short (2 h for clear fluids) to reduce thirst and prevent preoperative dehydration. (Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence)

We recommend intraoperative administration of an adequate volume of fluid, generally aiming for 1-2 L positive balance by the end of the case. (Strong recom-mendation, high-quality evidence)

We recommend against routine use of albumin or synthetic colloid for intraoperative fluid administration. (Strong recommendation, low quality evidence for albumin and high-quality evidence for synthetic colloids)

We recommend use of buffered crystalloid solutions in the absence of hypochloraemia. (Weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence)

We recommend use of buffered crystalloid solutions over 0.9% saline in kidney transplantation. (Strong recom- mendation, high-quality evidence)