Very restrictive or liberal fluid regimes should be avoided in favour of euvoleamia(Evidence level: Moderate;Recommendation grade: Strong). Intraoperative hypoperfusion can be avoided with the use of vasopressors and a limited amount of fluid. Goal-directed therapy(GDT) and the use of non-invasive cardiac output monitors do not currently appear to offer benefits to the thoracic surgical patient. Balanced crystalloids are the intravenous fluid of choice (Evidence level:High;Recommendation grade:Strong) and should be discontinued as soon as possible in the postoperative period to be replaced with oral fluids and diet(Evidence level:Moderate (extrapolated);Recommendation grade:Strong).

In patients with normal preoperative renal function, monitoring of perioperative urine output does not affect renal outcomes, and a transurethral catheter is unnecessary for the sole purpose of monitoring urine output（Evidence level:A transurethral catheter is not required if its sole purpose is monitoring perioperative urine output: Moderate；Recommendation grade:A transurethral catheter is not required if its sole purpose is monitoring perioperative urine output: Strong）. Postoperative urinary retention is common, but no validated system exists to identify or prophylactically manage high-risk patients. Postoperative urinary retention is associated with thoracic epidural analgesia（TEA）, and it is reasonable to insert a transurethral catheter in these patients（Evidence level:Low；Recommendation grade: Strong.）. A recommendation on the timing of removal cannot be made.

Patients should be mobilized within 24 h of surgery（Evidence level:Low；Recommendation grade:Strong). Prophylactic minitracheostomy（MT）use may be considered in certain high-risk patients（Evidence level:Low；Recommendation grade:Weak）. Although Incentive spirometry（IS） is often used as a low-risk adjunct to physiotherapy, its benefits are unclear. The routine use of postoperative non-invasive positive pressure ventilation cannot be recommended.

In patients with severely impaired renal function (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min) and a high risk of haemorrhagic complications, we suggest close monitoring of the administration of therapeutic UFH and LMWH and adaptation of the dosage.（Evidence level:Low；Recommendation grade:Weak）

UFH is associated with the highest risk of developing the pro-thrombotic condition of HIT. Therefore, in an attempt to minimise the risk of HIT, we suggest that UFH should be used as briefly as possible and replaced by LMWH as soon as the bleeding risk decreases（Evidence level:Low；Recommendation grade:Weak）

We suggest that low-dose aspirin could be used to decrease the incidence of VTE in cardiac and vascular patients but should not be considered as the sole agent in high-risk patients.（Evidence level:Low；Recommendation grade:Weak）

The presence of one or more risk factors [age above 70 years, transfusion of more than four units of RBC concentrate/fresh frozen plasma/cryoprecipitate/fibrinogen concentrate, mechanical ventilation more than 24 h, postoperative complication (e.g. acute kidney injury, infection/sepsis, neurological complication)] should place the cardiac population at high risk for VTE. In this context, we suggest the use of pharmacological prophylaxis as soon as satisfactory haemostasis has been achieved, in addition to IPC（Evidence level:Low；Recommendation grade:Weak）

In the absence of risk factors, we suggest considering the risk of VTE as moderate in patients undergoing coronary artery by-pass graft (CABG) and bioprosthetic aortic valve implantation surgery. If theriskofbleedingistobeconsideredhigh, we suggest the use of mechanical prophylaxis using IPC.（Evidence level:Low；Recommendation grade:Weak）

In high-risk patients, we suggest the use of pharmacological prophylaxis in addition to IPC.（Evidence level:Moderate；Recommendation grade:Weak）

Clinicians should instruct patients and caregivers how to communicate if pain is not controlled or if medication side effects occur（Evidence level:Low；Recommendation grade:Recommendation）.