Post-operative oral anticoagulation for PE is recommended to be administered for a period of at least 3 months. (Level of evidence：C；Class of recommendation：I）

In patients with a post-operative indication for OAC, NOAC is generally recommended over VKA.9. (Evidence: Level A ，Recommendation: Class I)

In patients with post-operative AF after NCS, long-term OAC therapy should be considered in all patients at risk of stroke, considering the anticipated net clinical benefit of OAC therapy, and informed patient preferences. (Evidence: Level B，Recommendation: Class IIa)

In patients with MINS and at low risk of bleeding, treatment with dabigatran 110 mg orally b.i.d. may be considered from 1 week after NCS. (Evidence: Level B，Recommendation: Class IIb )

Routine use of beta-blocker for the prevention of post-operative AF in patients undergoing NCS is not recommended. (Evidence: Level B，Recommendation: Class III)

If antiplatelet therapy has been interrupted before a surgical procedure, it is recommended to restart therapy as soon as possible (within 48 h) post-surgery, according to interdisciplinary risk assessment.(Evidence: Level C，Recommendation: Class Ⅰ)

When an urgent surgical intervention is required, it is recommended that NOAC therapy is immediately interrupted.(Evidence: Level C，Recommendation: Class Ⅰ)

Idarucizumab should be considered in patients on dabigatran and requiring urgent surgical intervention with intermediate to high bleeding risk. (Evidence: Level B，Recommendation: Class IIb )

In non-minor bleeding risk procedures in patients using a NOAC, it is recommended to use an interruption regimen based on the NOAC compound, renal function, and bleeding risk.(Evidence: Level B，Recommendation: Class I)

For interventions with a very high risk of bleeding,such as spinal or epidural anaesthesia, interruption of NOACs for up to five half-lives and re-initiation after 24 h should be considered.(Evidence: Level C，Recommendation: Class IIa)