If thromboprophylaxis is deemed necessary, it is recommended to choose the type and duration of thromboprophylaxis (LMWH, NOAC, or fondaparinux) according to type of NCS, duration of immobilization, and patient-related factors.(Evidence: Level A ，Recommendation: Class I)

In patients with a low bleeding risk, peri-operative thromboprophylaxis should be considered for a duration of up to 14 or 35 days, for total knee or hip arthroplasty, respectively.（IIa A)

NOACs in thromboprophylaxis dose may be considered as alternative treatments to LMWH after total knee and hip arthroplasty.(Evidence: Level A，Recommendation: Class IIb )

It is recommended to measure haemoglobin pre-operatively in patients scheduled for intermediate- to high-risk NCS.(Evidence: Level B，Recommendation: Class I)

It is recommended to treat anaemia in advance of NCS, in order to reduce the need for RBC transfusion during NCS.(Evidence: Level A ，Recommendation: Class I)

The use of an algorithm to diagnose and treat anaemic patients before NCS should be considered.(Evidence: Level C，Recommendation: Class IIa)

In patients undergoing surgery with expected blood loss of ≥500 mL, use of washed cell salvage is recommended .(Evidence: Level A ，Recommendation: Class I)

It is recommended to use point-of-care diagnostics for guidance of blood component therapy, when available.(Evidence: Level A ，Recommendation: Class I)

In patients undergoing NCS and experiencing major bleeding, administration of tranexamic acid should be immediately considered.（IIa A)

Use of closed-loop arterial blood sampling systems should be considered to avoid blood loss.(Evidence: Level B，Recommendation: Class IIa)