We recommend use of a supraglottic airway device for rescue oxygenation and ventilation when tracheal intubation has failed or if face mask ventilation is inadequate (1B).

We recommend development of a multi_x005fdisciplinary consensus based tracheal intubation cognitive aid for neonates and infants to harmonise clinical practices and potentially reduce tracheal intubation related morbidity and mortality and to enable assessment of long term outcomes(1C).

We recommend limiting the number of tracheal intubation attempts by reassessing the clinical con_x005fdition and by considering a change to a different technique,different provider, or both after each attempt (1C).

We recommend use of a stylet to rein_x005fforce and preshape tracheal tubes when a hyperangulated laryngoscope blade is used or when the larynx is anatomically anterior (1C).

We recommend flexible bronchoscopy by the nasal route in case of restricted mouth opening (1C).

We suggest use of a rigid bronchoscope as an advanced technique when the laryngeal inlet is obstructed by swelling and in cases of upper airway stenosis or compression or in congenital or postsurgical tracheal constriction or tor_x005ftuosity (2C). If necessary, a multidisciplinary team (including an otolaryngologist) should be involved.

We recommend immediate verification of successful intubation with both clinical assessment (bilateral and symmetrical breath sounds) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) with sustained EtCO2 waveforms. In cases of difficult intubation or complex patients, use of videolaryngoscopy for a second look, in combination with EtCO2 waveforms and ul-_x005ftrasonography, should be considered to confirm successful tracheal intubation (1C).

We suggest verifying optimal tracheal tube position in the tracheobronchial tree in case of complex pa_x005ftients or those with continued clinical instability with chest radiography, visualisation of the carina with a flexible fibrescope, chest ultrasonography, or all (2C).

We suggest assessing clinical signs like conjugate gaze, facial grimace, eye-opening and purposeful movements to predict successful awake extubation. If measurable, a tidal volume >5 ml kg-1can support readiness to extubate (2C).

We suggest use of intraoperative corticoste_x005froids, nebulised epinephrine, or both to prevent and treat postextubation stridor when significant airway manipulation has occurred (1C).