Lidocaine infusions can reduce opiate consumption after surgery, whether the treatment reduces the risk of postoperative ileus remains unclear.（Quality of evidence:High；Recommendation grade: Strong）

Spinal anaesthesia with low-dose opioids gives good analgesic effects, has a transient stress-reducing effect, and allows postoperative opiate sparing and is recommended as an adjunct option to general anaesthesia in laparoscopic surgery.（Quality of evidence: Moderate ；Recommendation grade: Strong）

TEA using low dose of local anaesthetic and opioids is recommended in open colorectal surgery to minimise the metabolic stress response and provide analgesia postoperatively. In patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, TEA can be used, but cannot be recommended over several alternative choices。 1：To attenuate the neuro-endocrinal stress response: Laparotomy（Quality of evidence:High ；Recommendation grade: Strong） Laparoscopy（Quality of evidence: Low ；Recommendation grade: Weak） 2：To provide optimal analgesia： Laparotomy（Quality of evidence:High ；Recommendation grade: Strong） Laparoscopy（Quality of evidence: Moderate，for not using it ；Recommendation grade: Strong for not using it） 3：Low-dose local anaesthetic and opioids:（Quality of evidence: Moderate ；Recommendation grade: Strong） 4：To improve postoperative non-analgesic outcomes： Quality of evidence: Recovery of bowel function: High, for using it； Morbidity and mortality: moderate, for using it Length of hospital stay: high, for not using it (laparoscopy, within an ERAS program) Recommendations: Strong

Avoid opioids and apply multimodal analgesia in combination with spinal/epidural analgesia or TAP blocks when indicated.（Quality of evidence: Moderate ；Recommendation grade: Strong）

A multimodal approach to minimise the development of postoperative ileus include: limit opioid administration through use of multimodal anaesthesia and analgesia techniques, use minimally invasive surgical techniques (when feasible), eliminate routine placement of nasogastric tubes and use goal-directed fluid therapy（Quality of evidence: High ；Recommendation grade: Strong）. Peripherally acting u-opioid receptor antagonists（Quality of evidence: Moderate ；Recommendation grade: Weak）, chewing gum, bisacodyl, magnesium oxide, daikenchuto and coffee （Quality of evidence: Moderate ；Recommendation grade: Weak）have all some indications of affecting an established ileus.

A multimodal approach to PONV prophylaxis should be considered in all patients and incorporated into ERAS protocols. Patients with 1-2 risk factors should ideally receive a two-drug combination prophylaxis using first-line antiemetics. Patients with ≥ 2 risk factors undergoing colorectal surgery should receive 2-3 antiemetics. If nausea and or vomiting still occur, despite prophylaxis, salvage therapy should be provided using a multimodal approach using different classes of drugs from those used for prophylaxis. （Quality of evidence: Multimodal PONV prophylaxis: High；PONV rescue with different class of antiemetic: High ；Recommendation grade: Strong）

Early mobilisation through patient education and encouragement is an important component of enhanced recovery after surgery programmes; prolonged immobilisation is associated with a variety of adverse effects and patients should therefore be mobilised.（Quality of evidence: Moderate ；Recommendation grade: Strong）

Most patients can and should be offered food and ONS from the day of surgery （Quality of evidence: Moderate ；Recommendation grade: Strong）. Perioperative immunonutrition in malnourished patients is beneficial in colorectal cancer surgery （Quality of evidence: Low；Recommendation grade: Strong）.

Routine transurethral catheterisation is recommended for1–3 days after colorectal surgery. The duration should be individualised based on known risk factors for retention: male gender, epidural analgesia and pelvic surgery. Patients at low risk should have routine removal of catheter on the first day after surgery, while patients with moderate or high risk require catheterisation for up to 3 days.（Quality of evidence: High ；Recommendation grade: Strong）

Postoperative nasogastric tubes should not be used routinely; if inserted during surgery, they should be removed before reversal of anaesthesia.（Quality of evidence: High ；Recommendation grade: Strong）