Patients who have undergone EL and show evidence of hypoxemia should receive CPAP pressure or NIPPV (technique based on local expertise) rather than standard oxygen therapy, if the risk of pulmonary aspiration is considered to be low. This should occur in an environment where staff are skilled in these techniques, continuous physiological monitoring is available, and arterial blood gases can be sampled.Level of evidence: High；Recommendation: Strong

Health systems should establish protocols for determining the appropriate location for postoperative care based on a validated preoperative risk score,impact of the surgical procedure, ongoing physiological instability, and continuing supportive and therapeutic requirements.Level of evidence: Moderate；Recommendation Grade: Strong

Patients over 65 years of age should receive regular postoperative delirium screening. At-risk patients should be managed with non-pharmaceutical interventions such as regular orientation, sleep hygiene approaches and cognitive stimulation to prevent delirium, and medication triggers minimized. Level of Evidence: High；Recommendation Grade: Strong

Early tube feeding (within 24 h) should be initiated in patients in whom early oral nutrition cannot be started, and in whom oral intake will be inadequate (＜50% of caloric requirement) for more than 7 days. Level of evidence: Moderate；Recommendation grade: Strong

If enteral feeding is contraindicated, early parenteral nutrition is indicated to mitigate the period of inadequate oral/enteral intake. Enteral or oral nutrition may be reinitiated as gastrointestinal function recovers and/or contraindications end and replace parenteral nutrition when caloric needs can be safely met through oral/enteral routes.Level of evidence: Moderate；Recommendation grade: Weak

A multifaceted approach to minimizing postoperative ileus, including minimally invasive surgery, optimized fluid management, opioid-sparing analgesia, early mobilization, early postoperative food intake, laxative administration, and omission/early removal of nasogastric intubation, should be used.Level of evidence: Moderate；Recommendation grade: Strong

Patients should be assisted to mobilize as soon as possible after surgery. Level of evidence: Weak；Recommendation grade: Strong

We suggest that routine measurement of preoperative cardiac troponins may be used to help evaluate the risk of some adverse outcomes prior to non-cardiac surgery. Level of evidence: Very low；Recommendation grade: Weak.

The routine addition of preoperative cardiac troponins to clinical risk scores for the prediction of postoperative events should only be used in the context of clinical research. Level of evidence: Very low；Recommendation grade:No recommendation

The use of preoperative cardiac troponin-enhanced management to improve outcomes should only be used in the context of clinical research. Level of evidence:No data；Recommendation grade: No recommendation.