A combination of paracetamol and NSAID given orally with additional use of non-opioid drugs if needed. Opioid containing drugs should be used as a last resort and in C doses. (1A)

The target perioperative blood glucose level is generally 6.0–10.0 mmol/L for long and medium‐length surgeries. Blood glucose levels 1–2 days preoperatively and postoperatively are associated with postoperative complications and mortality; thus, and it is necessary to control blood glucose levels very strictly. For the prevention of intraoperative hypoglycaemia, the target blood glucose level can be increased up to 12.0 mmol (2C). According to the recommended target range, the blood glucose level is monitored every 1–2 h intraoperatively and every 2–4 h postoperatively. If the blood glucose levels are not within the target range, it is suggested that the frequency of blood glucose monitoring be increased. (2C)

For cardiac surgery patients, the target for intraoperative blood glucose control is 8.3–11.1 mmol/L and for postoperative blood glucose control is less than 12.0 mmol/L (2C). On the basis of the suggested target range, it is recommended that intraoperative blood glucose level is monitored every 0.5–1 h and postoperative blood glucose level is monitored every 2–4 h. For patients with high intraoperative blood glucose fluctuations or unstable conditions, the frequency of monitoring should be increased. (2C)

For patients undergoing neurosurgery, the target for intraoperative blood glucose control is 5.0–10.0 mmol/L and for postoperative blood glucose control is less than 12.0 mmol/L. On the basis of the target range, it is suggested that intraoperative blood glucose level is monitored every 1–2 h and postoperative blood glucose level is monitored every 2–4 h. (2C)

For patients undergoing fine surgery (fine surgery is defined as a minimally invasive or microsurgical procedure requiring high precision, and the types include ophthalmic surgery, facial plastic surgery, among others), the target for preoperative blood glucose control is 5.0–7.2 mmol/L; for patients with a long disease course and those who have difficulty reaching the blood glucose standards, the target for blood glucose control may be increased up to <8.3 mmol/L. The target for intraoperative blood glucose control is 6.7–11.1 mmol/L and for postoperative blood glucose control is less than 12.0 mmol/L. On the basis of the suggested target range, intraoperative blood glucose level is monitored every 1–2 h and postoperative blood glucose level is monitored every 4–6 h. (2C)

For patients undergoing emergency surgery, the target for blood glucose control is the same as that for patients undergoing the corresponding elective surgery; however, intraoperative monitoring should be performed more frequently. (2C)

For patients with gestational diabetes mellitus, the blood glucose control target ranges are as follows: blood glucose >3.3 mmol/L, fasting blood glucose <5.3 mmol/L, postprandial 1‐h blood glucose <7.8 mmol/L and postprandial 2‐h blood glucose <6.7 mmol/L for patients with pre‐pregnancy diabetes, the blood glucose control target can be individualization. (1B) Despite attempts to control their blood glucose levels through a combination of diet and exercise, if the maternal blood glucose levels in pregnant women do not meet the standard, it is suggested that insulin therapy is started. (2C) The blood glucose levels in the course of labour and childbirth should be controlled within 4–7 mmol/L and intraoperative and postoperative blood glucose levels should be controlled within 6.0–12.0 mmol/L. Blood glucose levels should be monitored every 30 min during this time. When the labour is prolonged and the blood glucose level is reduced to <6.0 mmol/L, an intravenous infusion of 5% glucose to increase the blood glucose is suggested. (2C)

For patients in postoperative intensive care or under mechanical ventilation and patients without cardiovascular disease or liver and kidney dysfunction, the target blood glucose level is 7.8–10.0 mmol/L. For patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease or liver and kidney dysfunction, the target for blood glucose control is 8.0–12.0 mmol/L; however, the upper limit of the target blood glucose level can be extended up to 13.9 mmol/L. The blood glucose levels are monitored every 1–4 h. (2C)

The medical staff should strengthen awareness regarding the prevention of hypoglycaemia, timely identify the hypoglycaemic performance, strengthen the monitoring and management of hypoglycaemia and educate patients and their families on strategies for preventing hypoglycaemia. (1B)

In case of hypoglycaemia, the need for intraoperative infusion of fluids and the dosage of insulin should be determined based on the blood glucose levels. When the blood glucose is between 5.6 and 10.0 mmol/L, no specialised treatment is required, and blood glucose monitoring every 2 h is recommended. Blood glucose below 5.6 mmol/l immediately stop intravenous insulin infusion. During the fasting state, when the blood glucose is less than 4.4 mmol/L, an intravenous injection of 10 g high glucose, and blood glucose monitoring every 15–30 min are recommended. When the blood glucose level is between 4.4 and 5.6 mmol/L, intravenous infusion of 5% glucose at 40 ml/h or 10% glucose at 20 ml/h and blood glucose monitoring every 1 h are recommended . If hypoglycaemia occurs during the nonfasting state, patients are advised to take 10–25 g of glucose orally for rapid absorption of carbohydrates (such as glucose‐based drinks). For patients who are unable to consume oral glucose, an intravenous injection of 20–50 ml of 50% glucose, followed by continuous intravenous infusion of 5% or 10% glucose are used to maintain the blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels are monitored every 15 min until it reaches ≥5.6 mmol/L. (2C)