The Minto model for remifentanil may be considered during CPB with normothermic or mild hypothermia, with the expectation that it may underestimate blood levels.(Ⅱb)

Short-acting non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents should be considered prior to CPB, particularly for fast-track/enhanced recovery protocols.(Ⅱa)

The protocolized use of reversal agents during tracheal extubation should be considered, guided by quantitative neuromonitoring, particularly for fast-track/enhanced recovery protocols.(Ⅱa)

t is recommended that chronic users of beta-adrenergic blockers continue their therapy during the perioperative period of cardiac surgery with CPB to prevent postoperative arrhythmias.(I)

Short-term, low-dose oral beta-adrenergic blocker therapy may be considered in naïve patients to prevent postoperative arrhythmias in cardiac surgery with CPB.(Ⅱb）

It is not recommended to initiate statin therapy shortly before elective cardiac surgery with CPB due to the associated risk of AKI.（Ⅲ）

It should be considered to continue statin therapy at the current dose during cardiac surgery with CPB。（Ⅱa）

Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) should be considered to improve clinical outcomes and reduce myocardial and kidney injury in patients anaesthetized with volatile anaesthetic agents.（Ⅱa）

Positive inotropes and/or vasopressors are recommended as first-line medical treatment in patients with LCOS during cardiac surgery.（Ⅰ）

 Perioperative administration of levosimendan should be considered to reduce the risk of LCOS in patients with reduced LVEFs undergoing isolated CABG.（Ⅱa）