We recommend the use of red cell salvage, which is helpful for blood conservation in major cardiac surgery.（Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade: strong）

We recommend against the routine use of intra-operative platelet-rich plasmapheresis for blood conservation during cardiac operations using CPB.（Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade: strong）

We recommend the prophylactic use of TXA as a safe pharmacological agent to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients with a relevant risk for bleeding undergoing major orthopaedic surgery. lasmapheresis for blood conservation during cardiac operations using CPB.（Evidence level: high；Recommendation grade: strong）

We recommend the oral, i.v. and/or topical route to administer TXA. Combination of systemic and topical administration of TXA further reduces blood loss.（Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade: strong）

We suggest EACA as an antifibrinolytic agent to reduce blood loss if TXA not available. （Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade: weak）

The use of intra-operative tourniquet in primary knee arthroplasty may not reduce global peri-operative bleeding and transfusion rate. （Evidence level: low）

The use of drainage may not decrease blood loss in knee arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty or spine surgery.（Evidence level: low）

The type of surgical approach in total hip arthroplasty may not reduce peri-operative blood loss. （Evidence level: low）

We recommend hip fracture treatment within 48 h to avoid global peri-operative complications. （Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade: strong）

Allogeneic blood transfusion is associated with an increased incidence of surgical site infections.（Evidence level: moderate）