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[lyyw] => We suggest that severe bleeding related to subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) should be treated with i.v. protamine at a dose of 1 mg per 100 anti-FXa units of LMWH administered and, if unresponsive, antiXa activity should be measured.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
[laiyuan] => 我们建议，与皮下低分子量肝素(LMWH)相关的严重出血应静脉注射鱼精蛋白治疗，剂量为每100个低分子量肝素抗FXa单位1mg，如果无反应，应测量抗Xa活性。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957867
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)
推荐意见
我们建议，与皮下低分子量肝素(LMWH)相关的严重出血应静脉注射鱼精蛋白治疗，剂量为每100个低分子量肝素抗FXa单位1mg，如果无反应，应测量抗Xa活性。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
We suggest that severe bleeding related to subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) should be treated with i.v. protamine at a dose of 1 mg per 100 anti-FXa units of LMWH administered and, if unresponsive, antiXa activity should be measured.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => We suggest that the administration of rFVIIa could be considered to treat severe bleeding associated with subcutaneous administration of fondaparinux.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
[laiyuan] => 重组活化因子VII（rFVIIa）可考虑用于治疗磺达肝癸钠皮下给药相关的严重出血(超说明书用药)。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957867
[_updatetime] => 1704957867
[_nrjc] =>
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)
推荐意见
重组活化因子VII（rFVIIa）可考虑用于治疗磺达肝癸钠皮下给药相关的严重出血(超说明书用药)。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
We suggest that the administration of rFVIIa could be considered to treat severe bleeding associated with subcutaneous administration of fondaparinux.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => We recommend that vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) should not be interrupted in patients undergoing lowbleeding-risk procedures: skin surgery, dental and stomatological procedures, gastric and colonic endoscopies (even if biopsy is scheduled but not polypectomies), nor for most ophthalmological surgery, mainly anterior chamber (cataract).（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: strong）
[laiyuan] => 对于接受低出血风险手术(如皮肤手术、牙科和口腔手术、胃和结肠内镜检查(即使计划进行活检，但不包括息肉切除术)以及大多数眼科手术（主要是前房、白内障手术）的患者，不应中断VKAs治疗。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957867
[_updatetime] => 1704957867
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
对于接受低出血风险手术(如皮肤手术、牙科和口腔手术、胃和结肠内镜检查(即使计划进行活检，但不包括息肉切除术)以及大多数眼科手术（主要是前房、白内障手术）的患者，不应中断VKAs治疗。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
We recommend that vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) should not be interrupted in patients undergoing lowbleeding-risk procedures: skin surgery, dental and stomatological procedures, gastric and colonic endoscopies (even if biopsy is scheduled but not polypectomies), nor for most ophthalmological surgery, mainly anterior chamber (cataract).（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: strong）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[lyyw] => We recommend that for low, moderate and high thrombotic risk patients undergoing procedures requiring international normalised ratio (INR) less than 1.5, the time from last VKA intake to intervention should be 3 to 5 days; if INR is more than 1.5 on the day before surgery,5 mg oral vitamin K are recommended.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: strong）
[laiyuan] => 对于接受手术的低、中、高血栓风险患者，要求INR＜1.5，末次服用VKA至手术的时间为3 ~ 5 d，如术前1天INR > 1.5，建议口服5mg维生素K。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957867
[_updatetime] => 1704957867
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
对于接受手术的低、中、高血栓风险患者，要求INR＜1.5，末次服用VKA至手术的时间为3 ~ 5 d，如术前1天INR > 1.5，建议口服5mg维生素K。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
We recommend that for low, moderate and high thrombotic risk patients undergoing procedures requiring international normalised ratio (INR) less than 1.5, the time from last VKA intake to intervention should be 3 to 5 days; if INR is more than 1.5 on the day before surgery,5 mg oral vitamin K are recommended.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: strong）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[lyyw] => We suggest against bridging of VKA with LMWH or UFH in low, moderate and high thrombotic risk patients; in very specific high-risk patients, the treatment should be based on case-by-case analysis.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: moderate）
[laiyuan] => 对于低、中、高血栓风险患者，不建议桥接VKA与LMWH或UFH，对于非常特殊的高危患者，治疗应基于个案分析。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：中推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957867
[_updatetime] => 1704957867
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
对于低、中、高血栓风险患者，不建议桥接VKA与LMWH或UFH，对于非常特殊的高危患者，治疗应基于个案分析。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：中推荐）
We suggest against bridging of VKA with LMWH or UFH in low, moderate and high thrombotic risk patients; in very specific high-risk patients, the treatment should be based on case-by-case analysis.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: moderate）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[lyyw] => We recommend that in patients with pre-operative VKA intake, VKA should be resumed within 24 h after the procedure, administering a LMWH in a prophylactic dose until the target INR is observed in two following measurements.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
[laiyuan] => 对于术前服用VKA的患者，建议在术后24 h内恢复使用VKA，并给予LMWH预防剂量，直至术后两次INR达标。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957867
[_updatetime] => 1704957867
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
对于术前服用VKA的患者，建议在术后24 h内恢复使用VKA，并给予LMWH预防剂量，直至术后两次INR达标。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
We recommend that in patients with pre-operative VKA intake, VKA should be resumed within 24 h after the procedure, administering a LMWH in a prophylactic dose until the target INR is observed in two following measurements.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[lyyw] => In specific patients unable to take oral medication, postoperative bridging of VKA with a LMWH in a therapeutic dose could be started within 48 to 72 h after the procedure, once haemostasis has been secured.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
[laiyuan] => 对于特殊患者(如不能口服药物)，一旦止血成功，可在术后48 ~ 72小时内开始使用治疗剂量的LMWH进行VKA术后桥接治疗。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957867
[_updatetime] => 1704957867
[_nrjc] =>
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)
推荐意见
对于特殊患者(如不能口服药物)，一旦止血成功，可在术后48 ~ 72小时内开始使用治疗剂量的LMWH进行VKA术后桥接治疗。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
In specific patients unable to take oral medication, postoperative bridging of VKA with a LMWH in a therapeutic dose could be started within 48 to 72 h after the procedure, once haemostasis has been secured.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[lyyw] => In VKA-treated patients undergoing an emergency moderate-to-high bleeding-risk procedure, we recommend that INR must be measured on the patient’s admission to hospital, with the administration of four-factor PCC to reverse VKA anticoagulant effects (at an initial dose of 25 IU factor IX per kg at an INR of 4) over the transfusion of plasma.（Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade: strong）
[laiyuan] => 对于使用VKA治疗并接受中至高出血风险急诊手术的患者，必须在患者入院时测定INR，并给予四因子凝血酶原复合物浓缩物(4F-PCC)以逆转VKA抗凝作用对于输注血浆的影响(初始剂量为25 IU IX因子·kg-1, INR为4)。（证据级别：中；推荐强度：强推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957867
[_updatetime] => 1704957867
[_nrjc] =>
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)
推荐意见
对于使用VKA治疗并接受中至高出血风险急诊手术的患者，必须在患者入院时测定INR，并给予四因子凝血酶原复合物浓缩物(4F-PCC)以逆转VKA抗凝作用对于输注血浆的影响(初始剂量为25 IU IX因子·kg-1, INR为4)。（证据级别：中；推荐强度：强推荐）
In VKA-treated patients undergoing an emergency moderate-to-high bleeding-risk procedure, we recommend that INR must be measured on the patient’s admission to hospital, with the administration of four-factor PCC to reverse VKA anticoagulant effects (at an initial dose of 25 IU factor IX per kg at an INR of 4) over the transfusion of plasma.（Evidence level: moderate；Recommendation grade: strong）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[lyyw] => If PCC is not available, in bleeding patients where VKA-induced coagulopathy is considered a contributing factor, we recommend the transfusion of plasma 15 to 20 ml kg 1 plus 5 to 10 mg i.v. vitamin K.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: strong）
[laiyuan] => 如果凝血酶原复合物浓缩物（PCC）不可用，对于VKA诱发凝血障碍的出血患者，建议输注血浆15-20 ml·kg-1加5-10mg 维生素K静脉给药。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957867
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)
推荐意见
如果凝血酶原复合物浓缩物（PCC）不可用，对于VKA诱发凝血障碍的出血患者，建议输注血浆15-20 ml·kg-1加5-10mg 维生素K静脉给药。（证据级别：低；推荐强度：强推荐）
If PCC is not available, in bleeding patients where VKA-induced coagulopathy is considered a contributing factor, we recommend the transfusion of plasma 15 to 20 ml kg 1 plus 5 to 10 mg i.v. vitamin K.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: strong）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => We suggest that DOACs can be given up to the day before surgery for patients undergoing low-bleeding-risk procedures such as skin surgery, dental and stomatological procedures, gastric and colonic endoscopies (even if biopsy is scheduled but not polypectomies) and most ophthalmological surgery.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
[laiyuan] => 对于接受低出血风险手术(如皮肤手术、牙科和口腔手术、胃和结肠内镜检查，即使计划进行活检，但不进行息肉切除术)和大多数眼科手术的患者，建议在术前1天停用DOAC。（（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
[znzldj] => B
[_inputtime] => 1704957867
[_updatetime] => 1704957867
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
对于接受低出血风险手术(如皮肤手术、牙科和口腔手术、胃和结肠内镜检查，即使计划进行活检，但不进行息肉切除术)和大多数眼科手术的患者，建议在术前1天停用DOAC。（（证据级别：低；推荐强度：弱推荐）
We suggest that DOACs can be given up to the day before surgery for patients undergoing low-bleeding-risk procedures such as skin surgery, dental and stomatological procedures, gastric and colonic endoscopies (even if biopsy is scheduled but not polypectomies) and most ophthalmological surgery.（Evidence level: low；Recommendation grade: weak）
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B
年份：2023
国家：the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intens
