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[guojia] => German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
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[lyyw] => The use of a flexible intubation endoscope is the gold standard in an expected difficult airway. Consequently, it shall be readily available, and the anesthesiologist shall be trained in its use.
[laiyuan] => 在预期的困难气道中，使用软性插管内窥镜是金标准。因此，它应随手可得，并对麻醉医师进行使用培训。（推荐强度：强）
[znzldj] => B级
[_inputtime] => 1733973657
[_updatetime] => 1733973657
[_nrjc] =>
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)
推荐意见
在预期的困难气道中，使用软性插管内窥镜是金标准。因此，它应随手可得，并对麻醉医师进行使用培训。（推荐强度：强）
The use of a flexible intubation endoscope is the gold standard in an expected difficult airway. Consequently, it shall be readily available, and the anesthesiologist shall be trained in its use.
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B级
年份：2023
国家：German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
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[title] => German guidelines for airway management 2023
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[lyyw] => Spontaneous breathing shall be maintained until the endotracheal tube is securely placed in the trachea. In awake patients, topical anesthesia of the airway shall be performed.Sedative drugs shall be administered in the lowest dose possible to prevent apnea and/or airway obstruction. During the procedure,the patient shall receive supplemental oxygen.
[laiyuan] => 保持自主呼吸，直至气管导管安全置入气管内。在清醒患者中，应进行气道表面麻醉。镇静药物应以尽可能低的剂量给药，以防止呼吸暂停和/或气道阻塞。在手术过程中，患者应接受补充氧气。（推荐强度：强）
[znzldj] => B级
[_inputtime] => 1733973657
[_updatetime] => 1733973657
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
保持自主呼吸，直至气管导管安全置入气管内。在清醒患者中，应进行气道表面麻醉。镇静药物应以尽可能低的剂量给药，以防止呼吸暂停和/或气道阻塞。在手术过程中，患者应接受补充氧气。（推荐强度：强）
Spontaneous breathing shall be maintained until the endotracheal tube is securely placed in the trachea. In awake patients, topical anesthesia of the airway shall be performed.Sedative drugs shall be administered in the lowest dose possible to prevent apnea and/or airway obstruction. During the procedure,the patient shall receive supplemental oxygen.
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B级
年份：2023
国家：German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
Array
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[lyyw] => If a difficult airway is anticipated and there is no time or opportunity to secure the airway under spontaneous breathing, the technique with the greatest chance of success shall be selected and the possibility of cricothyrotomy shall be prepared as part of the airway man_x005Fagement plan.
[laiyuan] => 如果预计有困难气道，没有时间或机会在自主呼吸下安全气道，应选择成功机会最大的技术，并准备环甲膜切开术的可能性，作为气道管理计划的一部分。（推荐强度：强）
[znzldj] => B级
[_inputtime] => 1733973657
[_updatetime] => 1733973657
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
如果预计有困难气道，没有时间或机会在自主呼吸下安全气道，应选择成功机会最大的技术，并准备环甲膜切开术的可能性，作为气道管理计划的一部分。（推荐强度：强）
If a difficult airway is anticipated and there is no time or opportunity to secure the airway under spontaneous breathing, the technique with the greatest chance of success shall be selected and the possibility of cricothyrotomy shall be prepared as part of the airway man_x005Fagement plan.
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B级
年份：2023
国家：German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
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[title] => German guidelines for airway management 2023
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => If predictors for difficult mask ventilation and placement of a supraglottic airway device are present, the airway should be secured while maintaining spontaneous breathing.
[laiyuan] => 如果存在困难面罩通气和放置声门上气道装置的预测因素，应在保持自主呼吸的同时确保气道安全。（推荐强度：推荐）
[znzldj] => B级
[_inputtime] => 1733973657
[_updatetime] => 1733973657
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
如果存在困难面罩通气和放置声门上气道装置的预测因素，应在保持自主呼吸的同时确保气道安全。（推荐强度：推荐）
If predictors for difficult mask ventilation and placement of a supraglottic airway device are present, the airway should be secured while maintaining spontaneous breathing.
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B级
年份：2023
国家：German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
Array
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[id] => 1805
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[title] => German guidelines for airway management 2023
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[guojia] => German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
[pdf] =>
[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => When mask ventilation is difficult in ade_x005Fquately anesthetized patients, measures shall be taken to lift the base of the tongue to open the upper airway.
[laiyuan] => 当麻醉充分的患者面罩通气困难时，应采取措施抬高舌根以开放上气道。（推荐强度：强）
[znzldj] => B级
[_inputtime] => 1733973657
[_updatetime] => 1733973657
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
当麻醉充分的患者面罩通气困难时，应采取措施抬高舌根以开放上气道。（推荐强度：强）
When mask ventilation is difficult in ade_x005Fquately anesthetized patients, measures shall be taken to lift the base of the tongue to open the upper airway.
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B级
年份：2023
国家：German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
Array
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[guojia] => German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
[pdf] =>
[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => In the absence of contraindications, the head shall be reclined and an Esmarch maneu_x005Fver shall be performed. The appropriately sized ventilation mask shall be held with both hands to achieve the best possible seal.Lifting the mandible is helpful.
[laiyuan] => 在无禁忌证的情况下，应将头部后仰，进行埃斯马赫氏驱血带动作。适当大小的通气面罩应双手握持，以实现最佳密封。提升下颌骨是有帮助的。（推荐强度：强）
[znzldj] => B级
[_inputtime] => 1733973657
[_updatetime] => 1733973657
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
在无禁忌证的情况下，应将头部后仰，进行埃斯马赫氏驱血带动作。适当大小的通气面罩应双手握持，以实现最佳密封。提升下颌骨是有帮助的。（推荐强度：强）
In the absence of contraindications, the head shall be reclined and an Esmarch maneu_x005Fver shall be performed. The appropriately sized ventilation mask shall be held with both hands to achieve the best possible seal.Lifting the mandible is helpful.
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B级
年份：2023
国家：German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
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[guojia] => German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
[pdf] =>
[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => If neuromuscular blockade has not yet occurred, it should be considered with a fast_x005Facting muscle relaxant (succinylcholine, rocuronium) at an appropriate dose.
[laiyuan] => 若尚未发生神经肌肉阻滞，应考虑用合适剂量的快肌松药(琥珀酰胆碱、罗库溴铵)。（推荐强度：推荐）
[znzldj] => B级
[_inputtime] => 1733973657
[_updatetime] => 1733973657
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
若尚未发生神经肌肉阻滞，应考虑用合适剂量的快肌松药(琥珀酰胆碱、罗库溴铵)。（推荐强度：推荐）
If neuromuscular blockade has not yet occurred, it should be considered with a fast_x005Facting muscle relaxant (succinylcholine, rocuronium) at an appropriate dose.
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B级
年份：2023
国家：German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
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[guojia] => German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => The number of direct laryngoscopy attempts shall be limited to a maximum of two. Alter_x005Fnative methods shall be used early.
[laiyuan] => 直接喉镜检查的次数应限制在最多两次。应及早采用替代方法。（推荐强度：强）
[znzldj] => B级
[_inputtime] => 1733973657
[_updatetime] => 1733973657
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
直接喉镜检查的次数应限制在最多两次。应及早采用替代方法。（推荐强度：强）
The number of direct laryngoscopy attempts shall be limited to a maximum of two. Alter_x005Fnative methods shall be used early.
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B级
年份：2023
国家：German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
Array
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[id] => 1809
[catid] => 293
[title] => German guidelines for airway management 2023
[thumb] =>
[keywords] =>
[description] =>
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[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => If the airway is unexpectedly difficult after unsuccessful direct laryngoscopy, measures to improve the airway shall be considered first, and another attempt at direct laryn_x005Fgoscopy shall be made only if these measures can increase the chances of success.
[laiyuan] => 如果直接喉镜检查失败后气道意外困难，应首先考虑改善气道的措施，只有当这些措施可以增加成功的机会时，才应再次尝试直接喉镜检查。（推荐强度：强）
[znzldj] => B级
[_inputtime] => 1733973657
[_updatetime] => 1733973657
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
如果直接喉镜检查失败后气道意外困难，应首先考虑改善气道的措施，只有当这些措施可以增加成功的机会时，才应再次尝试直接喉镜检查。（推荐强度：强）
If the airway is unexpectedly difficult after unsuccessful direct laryngoscopy, measures to improve the airway shall be considered first, and another attempt at direct laryn_x005Fgoscopy shall be made only if these measures can increase the chances of success.
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B级
年份：2023
国家：German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
Array
(
[id] => 1810
[catid] => 293
[title] => German guidelines for airway management 2023
[thumb] =>
[keywords] =>
[description] =>
[hits] =>
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[tjqd] =>
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[guojia] => German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
[pdf] =>
[tjyjyw] =>
[lyyw] => If direct laryngoscopy is unsuccessful, a video laryngoscope shall be used.
[laiyuan] => 如果直接喉镜检查不成功，应使用视频喉镜。（推荐强度：强）
[znzldj] => B级
[_inputtime] => 1733973657
[_updatetime] => 1733973657
[_nrjc] =>
[_nrsh] =>
)
推荐意见
如果直接喉镜检查不成功，应使用视频喉镜。（推荐强度：强）
If direct laryngoscopy is unsuccessful, a video laryngoscope shall be used.
证据评价方法：GRADE
指南质量等级：B级
年份：2023
国家：German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Ca
